Posted 12:55 AM by Anonymous

Grace's travel and architecture study in Li jiang,Yun nan province,China.This article was written by my best friend Grace.

Last winter, I had a travel to Lijiang in Yunnan province with my friends, taking photos and sketching. After seeing my photos and drawing, Professor Zhu asked me to give a presentation about my trip. It is my pleasure to introduce Lijiang to you.

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¢ÙYunnan is the second largest province of china and is situated in the extreme south-west of the vast country.
¢ÚIn the north, Yunnan borders on Sichuan province, in the west on Tibet and Burma, in the south on Burma and Indo-china, and in the east it adjoins the Chinese province of Guizhou and Guangxi.
¢ÛYunnan is a high table-land. It has the southernmost snow range of the country named Jade Dragon Mountain. Some of the largest rivers of Asia, such as Yangtze River, flow across it.
¢ÜThe landscape varied extremely. And the meteorology varied not only in the horizontal direction but also in the vertical direction. For example, in the northwest the mountains are crowned by eternal snow, while in the south the province is partly covered with tropical jungle. On the top of the mountain, it is winter. At the foot of the mountain, it is spring, or even it is summer.
¢ÝSo Yunnan boasts more than 15,000 species of plants, more than any other province of china.
¢ÞAs many as 23 minority nationalities live in the province, also more than in any other.

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¢ÙLijiang lies in the northwest of Yunnan, at the junction of 3 Chinese province of Yunnan,Sichuan,Tibet, and just at the foot of Jade Dragon Mountain. The meaning of Lijiang is a beautiful river. Like its name, Lijiang is one of the most interesting regions and certainly the most beautiful of the entire province.
¢ÚIn the northwest of Lijiang, there are mountains. In the southeast of Lijiang, there is plain.The Jade Dragon Mountain is located 16 miles northwest of it. About 10 high peaks rise to the skies, dominating the Lijiang plain. Lion Mountain lies half a mile west of it and is about 100 feet (30.5 meter) in height. Elephant Mountain lies 2 miles north of it, resembling a reclining elephant. The two small hills protect the city from the piercing wind of the sown range.
¢ÛThere are several springs at the foot of Elephant Mountain. These springs are the source of the Jade Stream. The Jade Stream divided into three branches at Double stone bridge, which is one and a half miles northwest of Lijiang. Since the altitude decrease in the southeast, the three branches flow briskly thought the city in varies directions, well draining and watering the city.
¢ÜIn short, with rivers in the front and mountains at the back, the city has favorable conditions. Choosing such place as the site of the city obeyed the rules of city planning in ancient china.

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¢ÙThe original inhabitants here center on farming. During the latter part of the Han dynasty the Naxi tribe migrated south from their home in northeastern Tibet, centering on animal husbandry. They settled among the original inhabitants, and became the main nationality of Lijiang.
¢ÚThen trade became the most important activity in Lijiang. There are several reasons. First, as I have mentioned above, Lijiang lies at the junction of 3 Chinese provinces and some key passages. It has convenient land communications. There is a large floating population here, including several other nationalities. Second, the Naxi minority folk is friendly to others. It is said in Naxi fable that the Tibetan is their first brother, and the white folk is the second. So Lijiang became a big market. Different peoples carried their load to be sold. The commercial activities were going on day and night.
¢ÛThe marketing places appeared and became the center of this place. Around it were simple domestic buildings for dwelling and store.
¢ÜSince the trade tradition still remains in existence, by watching at today¡¯s markets we can image a brief outline about the ancient ones. This is the main market of today¡¯s Lijiang. It has existed for a long time. It connects with some principal streets. The buildings around this market and lining the streets are engaged in commerce. The majority of these buildings are of 1 or 2 storeys,1 for shop and 2 for dwelling. One branch of Jade Stream flows through it. A lock gate had been built across the stream for regulating the water level, closed in the morning and opened after the end of the market day. People use the water to wash the market¡¯s floor. The market¡¯s floor as well as the streets¡¯ floor are paved with slab stone.
¢ÝAs to the simple domestic buildings around the market, since the widespread virgin forest affords an abundance of timber, the majority of the buildings were of the well-frame type. Such well-frame houses are still extant in some desolate places today. The well-frame construction is generally rectangular in plan, built by piling up logs or square beams. Grooves are cut on one side or on both sides of these logs and beams, to ensure a perfect fitting together of them. If there is one thick wood post in the middle of the house, the post is called sky post. If there are two of them, they are called male and female post. The posts are some kind of the symbol regarding their ancient religion. Roofs are all of a hanging type. In other word, they are 2 sides roof. At the foot of ridge, there is a range of holes. It is said in Naxi fable that the god will go into the room through these holes.

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¢ÙSince Yuan Dynasty Lijiang had been a part of the Chinese Empire. But the real power remained in the hands of the native chiefs. The Naxi king built his official residence at the foot of Lion Mountain, and led the Jade Stream encircling in the front of the square of the residence. The shape of the water is just like the Golden Water in the Imperial Palace of Beijin. Today the extant structures include the gate, the square, the water and the bridge. ( The gate was renovated ) The others have been rebuilt in recent years.
¢ÚAs far as Qing Dynasty, Chinese had taken over the administration of Lijiang. The Chinese officials moved their residence to the foot of Elephant Mountain, and built a wall around it. (Perhaps, it is the remnant of the wall) They also helped the inhabitants to build their own domestic houses. Up to then the construction of the city was in the main completed.
¢ÛBuildings follow the landscapes, freely extended along the streams. In addition, people¡¯s life has a close relationship with the streams. Therefore, the stream became the dominant factor in the layout of the city.
¢ÜThese photos describe several kinds of space of the streets. Paved with slab stone. The streams were often sandwiched between houses and streets. Different kinds of bridges over the streams, wood bridge, stone bridge, arch bridge, beam bridge. These photos describe the relationship between people¡¯s life and the stream. There is a spring in the middle of the street. And the altitude decrease along the street. The people built a special well which has three mouths, 1 for drinking, 2 for washing food, 3 for washing clothes. Then lead the dirty water into the drain. This is the main section of the Jade Stream. Since the crystal clear water beautify the environment, this place became the main entertainment area. All kinds of Shops are lining the street. Besides, there were also restaurant, teahouse, and theatre.
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(to be continued)


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